![]() 1.hierarchy ['haiəˌrɑːki] n. 等级制度;统治集团,领导层 联想记忆
hier(子嗣、继承人)+archy(拱门、阶级)→由出身决定阶级的制度→等级制度,如果一个公司或一个系统内有严格的等级制度,就可以叫a rigid hierarchy system。与hierarchy类似的词还有mon(mono独一的)+archy=monarchy,君主国、君主政体,我们常说的君主立宪制就是the constitutional monarchy。
六级词频1;考频1:选词填空0、信息匹配1、阅读0 (2015.6信息匹配)Today’s fashion for eclecticism (折中主义)—“I love Bach, Abba and Jay Z”—is, Khan argues, a new way for the bohemian middle class to demarcate themselves from what they perceive to be the narrow tastes of those beneath them in the social hierarchy.
2. stereotype ['steriətaip] n. 陈规,老套,固定的模式(或形象) 联想记忆
stereo(stern严肃的、不动摇的)+type(类型)→刻板、陈规。stereotype在写作中可以适当替代old fasion、old impression等词,主语对象一般都是概念、印象、方法等。类似stereotype的还有prototype,意思是原型、雏形、蓝本、实验机型,《天鹰战士》EVA里的零号机就被称作prototype。构成形式相似的还有mainstream(n.)主流、主要倾向、主要趋势,streamline(n.v)流线型、使优化。
四级词频1;考频1:选词填空0、信息匹配1、阅读0 (2016.6信息匹配)Are nursing homes as bad as people fear, or is that an out-moded stereotype? 六级词频2;考频1:选词填空0、信息匹配1、阅读0 (2016.6信息匹配)The survey shows us that today’s teens are affectionate, sensible and far happier than the angry and tortured souls that have been painted for us by stereotypes.
3. entrepreneur [ˌɔntrəprə'nəː] n. 企业家 联想记忆
本词源自企业enterprise,这个词看似复杂,实际上很好记:enter(进入)+prise(奖赏、奖金)→进入有奖金的领域(商业领域)→企业,军事节目里常提到的“企业号”军舰就是enterprise哦。entrepreneur一般强调的是公司的创始人,最核心的人物,由它衍生出来的entrepreneurship我们用的更多,这个词的意思是企业精神更、创业家精神,当下最热的概念“大众创业,万众创新”就叫mass entrepreneurship and innovation.大家一定记住哦,作文和翻译中都可能会用到。
四级词频1;考频1:选词填空0、信息匹配1、阅读0 (2015.6信息匹配)Gregersen is a co-author of a new book,The Innovator's DNA, which is based on an eight-year study of 5,000 entrepreneurs and executives worldwide. 六级词频1;考频1:选词填空1、信息匹配0、阅读0 (2016.6选词填空)Juries sympathetic to the penalties of machines will punish entrepreneurs with company-crushing preserving and damages.
4. penalty [ˈpenlti] n. 处罚,惩罚;罚金 联想记忆
pen(笔)+nalty(naughty淘气)→玩笔的淘气孩子需要处罚→处罚、罚金。美剧里常说的死刑就叫federal death penalty(强调了按联邦政府的规定),这里顺便给大家梳理一下和“死刑”相关的其他词汇:sentence to death,宣判死刑;suspend the sentence,缓期执行(缓刑);execute,斩首、处决、行刑;capital punishment,死刑、极刑(最高刑罚)。最后区分一下penalty和punishment,penalty一般都是照章办事做的处罚,最常用的情况是罚款;而punishment可以是因为各种原因而做的处罚。
四级词频5;考频1:选词填空0、信息匹配0、阅读1 (2015.12仔细阅读)Many of these penalties are imposed regardless of the seriousness of the offense or the person‘s individual circumstances.
5. initial [iˈniʃəl] n.[常pl.](姓名等的)首字母 adj. 最初的,开始的 联想记忆
《头文字D》系列动画和电影大家都听说过,其实他的原名叫《Initial D》--首字母D,而D在片子里指的就是drift漂移、甩尾一词,希望大家能通过头文字记住initial这个词。initial和它的副词initially能很好地替换first和firstly,而且意思更为严谨,强调最初的。而它的动词initiate(vt.)意思是启动、开启、开始,可以替换start和begin,名词形式是initiation,也是启动、开始的意思,另外initiator则有发起者、创始人的意思,现在创业公司的创始人就可以用这个词表示。 实用例句: The new aircraft has performed very well in its initial trials. 这种新式飞机在最初几次试飞中性能表现良好。
四级词频1;考频1:选词填空0、信息匹配1、阅读0 (2016.6信息匹配)In the initial results, assisted living residents did paint the most positive picture. 六级词频3;考频2:选词填空0、信息匹配1、阅读1 (2015.6仔细阅读)The conclusion: while GM crops haven't yet realized their initial promise and have been dominated by agricultural businesses, there is reason to continue to use and develop them to help meet the enormous challenge of sustainably feeding a growing planet.
6. imperial [im'piəriəl] adj. 帝国的,帝王的;(度量衡)英制的 联想记忆
im(不能)+peri(pair一对)+al(的)→不能有一对的,不能有第二个的→帝国的、帝王的。另外imperial还能表示英制的度量衡,全称是imperial system,类似的还有公制 metric system。imperial做“帝国的”讲的情况比如《the imperial march》,《星球大战》里最著名的背景音乐帝国进行曲;而imperial的词根empire则用在了星球大战第五部《帝国反击战里》The Empire Strikes Back;最后还有君王emperor,只有秦始皇、康熙皇帝这种统一国家的君王才能叫emperor哦,三国演义里的曹操刘备孙权就只能算是king。 实用搭配: the Imperial Palace 故宫
六级词频2;考频1:选词填空0、信息匹配1、阅读0 (2015.6信息匹配)The dynamics of the imperial capitalism of the 19th century needn’t apply in the democracies of the 21st.
7. dilemma [di'lemə] n.(进退两难的)窘境,困境 联想记忆
“地雷嘛”→被困雷区,进退两难→困境,dilemma强调的是前后都有困难,怎么选择都有困难,或者深陷困境难以挣脱出来的情况,比较像中文进退维谷里的“维谷”一词,所以说某人处在困境中的固定搭配就是in a dilemma(between...)。著名的囚徒困境叫prisoner's dilemma,豪猪困境叫做hedgehog's dilemma,道德困境是moral dilemma。我们常说国家面临的监管困境是“一管就死”“一放就乱”,监管困境就可以说成dilemma或supervision dilemma,比difficult situation要好得多。
四级词频1;考频1:选词填空0、信息匹配1、阅读0 (2015.6信息匹配)His two collaborators and co-authors are Jeff Dyer, a professor at Brigham Young University, and Clayton Christensen, a professor at the Harvard Business School, whose 1997 book “The Innovator's Dilemma” popularized the concept of disruptive innovation. 六级词频1;考频1:选词填空0、信息匹配1、阅读0 (2015.12信息匹配)The University of Tennessee in Knoxville offers one example of this dilemma.
8. liability [ˌlaiə'biliti] n. 责任;[pl.]负债,债务;不利条件,起妨碍作用的人(物) 联想记忆
li(看作lie,撒谎)+ability(能力)→有说谎能力的人是负债和负担,这个词我们需要和reliability区分,后者的词根是rely,意思是可靠性、可靠程度,而前者主要是负债、负担这类贬义的意思。另外liability有责任的意思,这个意思也是从“负债”衍生出来的,我们拿它和responsibility做个对比:responsibility强调的是职责范围内的责任;liability强调的是因为欠款或者贷款而产生的还贷责任。liability也是商业会计中最核心的一个概念“负债”,相对应的是“资产”asset和“所有者权益”equity。最后,liability有负担、累赘、拖累的意思,可以替换burden(比burden考虑的角度更功利),用法见例句
六级词频6;考频1:选词填空0、信息匹配1、阅读0 (2015.6信息匹配)Debit cards have different liability limits depending on the bank and the events surrounding any fraud.
9. massive [ˈmæsiv] adj. 大的,大而重的;大块的;大量的,大规模的 联想记忆
mass(大量)+ive(形容词后缀)→大的、大规模的。massive强调的是规模或范围大,比如massive investment 巨额投资、massive retaliation 大规模的报复、massive propaganda 铺天盖地的宣传,再比如911之后热炒的“大规模杀伤性武器”叫weapons of mass destruction.最后区分一下massive和multiple的意思,后者的意思是多个的、多元的,比如一家公司开了多个连锁店、分店,最好就用multiple,我们常说的多媒体是multi-media,强调的是媒体种类的种类多,所以也是multi。 实用例句: The bell is massive, weighing over 20 tons. 这口钟又大又沉,有20多吨重。
四级词频3;考频3:选词填空0、信息匹配2、阅读1 (2015.6信息匹配)Two start-ups, Coursera and Udacity, recently founded by Stanford faculty members to create “massive open online courses”, or MOOCs, are also committed to automated assessment systems because of the value of instant feedback. 六级词频3;考频2:选词填空0、信息匹配1、阅读1 (2015.6仔细阅读)As we know, rapid deforestation combined with the massive burning of fossil fuels is an explosive recipe for an irreversible disaster.
10. marginal ['mɑːʤinəl] adj. 微小的,少量的,不重要的;边缘的、临界的 联想记忆
margin(n. 边缘)+al=marginal 边缘的,经济学上常说的边际成本就是marginal cost,边际效应就是marginal effect。marginal动词化后非常有用,marginalize的意思是排斥、排挤、使...边缘化,现代社会里存在各种各样的边缘化人群,他们就叫marginalized population,边缘化的名词则是marginalization。marginal的词根margin除了名词边缘的意思,还有利润空间、利润的意思,在商业话题的新闻中大家也许会听到,比如毛利润就是gross margin。最后给大家介绍几个表示“临界点”的词:erge(边缘、边界);breaking point(爆发点);trigger point(引爆点);boarder line(边界线,临界)。 实用搭配: a marginal increase in the unemployment figures 失业人数稍增
六级词频1;考频1:选词填空0、信息匹配1、阅读0 (2015.6信息匹配)Inequality is not just about the top marginal tax rate but also about our children’s access to food and the fight to justice for all.
来源:新东方在线四六级 |